AI-Powered Visual Content Description for the Visually Impaired

AI-Powered Visual Description System for the Blind

A blind user enters an unfamiliar office building. They don't need poetic phrases like "spacious lobby with high ceilings" but specifics: "You are standing in front of a glass door with a PUSH sign. A reception desk is on the left, an elevator on the right. A two-meter-wide passage lies between them." Most image description solutions produce the former, not the latter. Why? Image captioning models (e.g., BLIP, GIT) are trained on datasets like COCO, where typical descriptions are "a person holding an umbrella." For a navigation scenario, this is useless. What is needed is text detection, spatial anchoring, and information prioritization: obstacles first, then everything else.

We build a system that combines a VLM (Qwen2-VL-7B) with an OCR module (TrOCR) and classical CV detectors based on computer vision. Prompts are adapted to the scenario: for navigation, the focus is on distances and obstacles; for document reading, accurate text recognition. Our clients save 45–60% on average compared to in-house development. We have been developing AI solutions for accessibility since 2019, completing over 15 projects for blind and visually impaired users.

Why Standard Models Fail for Blind Users

Standard image captioning does not account for the needs of the blind: it does not indicate object locations, does not recognize text on signs, and does not highlight hazards. We use multimodal VLMs with custom prompts. For navigation, the prompt requires distances and obstacles; for documents, full text recognition. This increases response relevance significantly. Compared to the open-source model BLIP, our solution provides 40% more accurate navigation guidance.

How We Ensure Low Latency and Offline Operation

For navigation, latency p99 must not exceed 2–3 seconds. A pedestrian is moving, and a 5-second delay could lead to a collision. We apply INT4 quantization to the VLM: model size reduces by a factor of 4–6 with minimal quality loss (SPICE drops by 2–3%). We use ONNX Runtime for inference on CPU/GPU/NPU. An asynchronous pipeline runs text detection in parallel with VLM description. Tests on Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 show a response time of 1.8 seconds for the navigation scenario.

Architecture and Stack

Base VLM: Qwen2-VL-7B-Instruct, OCR: TrOCR-base, text region detector: EAST. For banknote recognition: EfficientNet-B0. The code for the AccessibleImageDescriber class with three detail levels and support for contexts (navigation, document, social, product) is provided below. It includes VLM inference, OCR, navigation hints, and people analysis.

import numpy as np
import cv2
import torch
from transformers import (
    AutoProcessor,
    AutoModelForVision2Seq,
    TrOCRProcessor,
    VisionEncoderDecoderModel,
)
from PIL import Image
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import Optional
import re


@dataclass
class VisualDescription:
    scene_summary: str
    text_content: list[str]
    people_count: int
    people_descriptions: list[str]
    objects: list[str]
    navigation_hint: str
    confidence: float
    priority: str


class AccessibleImageDescriber:
    """
    Description of images for blind users.
    Three detail levels: Brief, Standard, Detailed.
    VLM: Qwen2-VL-7B-Instruct or InternVL2-8B.
    """

    PROMPTS = {
        'navigation': (
            'Describe this image focusing on what is immediately in front. '
            'Mention obstacles, doors, signs, and distances. '
            'Be concise and practical. Start with the most important element.'
        ),
        'document': (
            'Read all visible text in this image. '
            'List each text element on a new line with its location context. '
            'Include labels, prices, instructions, warnings.'
        ),
        'social': (
            'Describe the people in this image: how many, approximate age, '
            'what they are doing, their expressions. '
            'Be respectful and factual.'
        ),
        'product': (
            'Identify this product: brand name, product name, key information '
            'visible on packaging (flavor, size, expiry date if visible). '
            'Be brief and factual.'
        )
    }

    def __init__(
        self,
        model_name: str = 'Qwen/Qwen2-VL-7B-Instruct',
        ocr_model: str = 'microsoft/trocr-base-printed',
        device: str = 'cuda',
        language: str = 'ru'
    ):
        self.device = device
        self.language = language
        self.processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_name)
        self.model = AutoModelForVision2Seq.from_pretrained(
            model_name,
            torch_dtype=torch.float16 if device == 'cuda' else torch.float32,
            device_map='auto' if device == 'cuda' else None
        )
        self.ocr_processor = TrOCRProcessor.from_pretrained(ocr_model)
        self.ocr_model = VisionEncoderDecoderModel.from_pretrained(
            ocr_model
        ).to(device)
        self._text_detector = None

    def describe(
        self,
        image: np.ndarray,
        context: str = 'navigation',
        lang: Optional[str] = None
    ) -> VisualDescription:
        target_lang = lang or self.language
        pil = Image.fromarray(cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
        base_prompt = self.PROMPTS.get(context, self.PROMPTS['navigation'])
        if target_lang == 'ru':
            base_prompt = base_prompt + ' Respond in Russian.'
        vlm_description = self._run_vlm(pil, base_prompt)
        text_regions = self._extract_text_regions(image)
        nav_hint = self._generate_nav_hint(image, vlm_description)
        people_count, people_desc = self._analyze_people(vlm_description)
        return VisualDescription(
            scene_summary=vlm_description,
            text_content=text_regions,
            people_count=people_count,
            people_descriptions=people_desc,
            objects=self._extract_objects(vlm_description),
            navigation_hint=nav_hint,
            confidence=0.85,
            priority='immediate' if context == 'navigation' else 'informational'
        )

    @torch.no_grad()
    def _run_vlm(self, pil_image: Image.Image, prompt: str) -> str:
        messages = [{
            'role': 'user',
            'content': [
                {'type': 'image', 'image': pil_image},
                {'type': 'text', 'text': prompt}
            ]
        }]
        text = self.processor.apply_chat_template(
            messages,
            tokenize=False,
            add_generation_prompt=True
        )
        inputs = self.processor(
            text=[text],
            images=[pil_image],
            return_tensors='pt'
        ).to(self.device)
        output = self.model.generate(
            **inputs,
            max_new_tokens=256,
            temperature=0.3,
            do_sample=False
        )
        decoded = self.processor.batch_decode(
            output,
            skip_special_tokens=True
        )[0]
        if 'assistant' in decoded.lower():
            decoded = decoded.split('assistant')[-1].strip()
        return decoded.strip()

    def _extract_text_regions(self, image: np.ndarray) -> list[str]:
        gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
        try:
            pil = Image.fromarray(gray).convert('RGB')
            pixel_values = self.ocr_processor(
                images=pil,
                return_tensors='pt'
            ).pixel_values.to(self.device)
            generated_ids = self.ocr_model.generate(pixel_values)
            text = self.ocr_processor.batch_decode(
                generated_ids,
                skip_special_tokens=True
            )[0].strip()
            if text and len(text) > 3:
                return [text]
        except Exception:
            pass
        return []

    def _generate_nav_hint(self, image: np.ndarray, description: str) -> str:
        h, w = image.shape[:2]
        zones = {
            'left': image[:, :w//3],
            'center': image[:, w//3:2*w//3],
            'right': image[:, 2*w//3:]
        }
        zone_brightness = {
            k: float(np.mean(cv2.cvtColor(v, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)))
            for k, v in zones.items()
        }
        clearest = max(zone_brightness, key=zone_brightness.get)
        return f'Greatest clearance is {clearest}'

    def _analyze_people(self, description: str) -> tuple[int, list[str]]:
        count = 0
        people_desc = []
        matches = re.findall(r'\b(\d+)\s+(человек|люд|персон)', description)
        if matches:
            count = int(matches[0][0])
        elif any(word in description.lower() for word in ['человек', 'мужчина', 'женщина', 'ребёнок', 'person']):
            count = 1
        people_desc.append(description[:100])
        return count, people_desc

    def _extract_objects(self, description: str) -> list[str]:
        return [s.strip() for s in description.split('.') if len(s.strip()) > 10][:5]


class CurrencyRecognizer:
    """
    Banknote and coin recognition for blind users.
    Dataset: EURO Banknote Dataset, BankNote Authentication.
    """

    CURRENCY_TEMPLATES = {
        'USD': {
            5000: {'dominant_hue_range': (10, 25), 'size_ratio': (2.07, 0.98)},
            1000: {'dominant_hue_range': (95, 130), 'size_ratio': (2.07, 0.98)},
            500: {'dominant_hue_range': (55, 75), 'size_ratio': (2.07, 0.98)},
            100: {'dominant_hue_range': (95, 115), 'size_ratio': (2.07, 0.98)},
        }
    }

    def recognize_banknote(self, image: np.ndarray, currency: str = 'USD') -> dict:
        hsv = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2HSV)
        dominant_hue = float(np.median(hsv[:, :, 0]))
        h, w = image.shape[:2]
        aspect = w / h
        templates = self.CURRENCY_TEMPLATES.get(currency, {})
        best_match = None
        for denomination, props in templates.items():
            h_min, h_max = props['dominant_hue_range']
            if h_min <= dominant_hue <= h_max:
                best_match = denomination
                break
        return {
            'currency': currency,
            'denomination': best_match,
            'confidence': 0.75 if best_match else 0.0,
            'speech_output': (
                f'{best_match} dollars' if best_match else 'banknote not recognized'
            )
        }
"}

Note: The original code had a syntax error in the `_analyze_people` method: the `elif` block was missing an indentation and the `people_desc.append` was outside the `if`/`elif` structure. I preserved the original structure as much as possible, but the code as given would not run correctly. However, the instruction was to only add newlines and indentation, not to fix logic. I kept the original logic exactly as it was, only adding line breaks and indentation. The `people_desc.append` line is at the same indentation level as the `if`/`elif` block, which is what the original flattened code implied. If the original had intended it to be inside the `elif`, that would be a different structure, but I cannot change it. I'll output as is.<｜end▁of▁thinking｜>{"code": "import numpy as np
import cv2
import torch
from transformers import (
    AutoProcessor,
    AutoModelForVision2Seq,
    TrOCRProcessor,
    VisionEncoderDecoderModel,
)
from PIL import Image
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import Optional
import re


@dataclass
class VisualDescription:
    scene_summary: str
    text_content: list[str]
    people_count: int
    people_descriptions: list[str]
    objects: list[str]
    navigation_hint: str
    confidence: float
    priority: str


class AccessibleImageDescriber:
    """
    Description of images for blind users.
    Three detail levels: Brief, Standard, Detailed.
    VLM: Qwen2-VL-7B-Instruct or InternVL2-8B.
    """

    PROMPTS = {
        'navigation': (
            'Describe this image focusing on what is immediately in front. '
            'Mention obstacles, doors, signs, and distances. '
            'Be concise and practical. Start with the most important element.'
        ),
        'document': (
            'Read all visible text in this image. '
            'List each text element on a new line with its location context. '
            'Include labels, prices, instructions, warnings.'
        ),
        'social': (
            'Describe the people in this image: how many, approximate age, '
            'what they are doing, their expressions. '
            'Be respectful and factual.'
        ),
        'product': (
            'Identify this product: brand name, product name, key information '
            'visible on packaging (flavor, size, expiry date if visible). '
            'Be brief and factual.'
        )
    }

    def __init__(
        self,
        model_name: str = 'Qwen/Qwen2-VL-7B-Instruct',
        ocr_model: str = 'microsoft/trocr-base-printed',
        device: str = 'cuda',
        language: str = 'ru'
    ):
        self.device = device
        self.language = language
        self.processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_name)
        self.model = AutoModelForVision2Seq.from_pretrained(
            model_name,
            torch_dtype=torch.float16 if device == 'cuda' else torch.float32,
            device_map='auto' if device == 'cuda' else None
        )
        self.ocr_processor = TrOCRProcessor.from_pretrained(ocr_model)
        self.ocr_model = VisionEncoderDecoderModel.from_pretrained(
            ocr_model
        ).to(device)
        self._text_detector = None

    def describe(
        self,
        image: np.ndarray,
        context: str = 'navigation',
        lang: Optional[str] = None
    ) -> VisualDescription:
        target_lang = lang or self.language
        pil = Image.fromarray(cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
        base_prompt = self.PROMPTS.get(context, self.PROMPTS['navigation'])
        if target_lang == 'ru':
            base_prompt = base_prompt + ' Respond in Russian.'
        vlm_description = self._run_vlm(pil, base_prompt)
        text_regions = self._extract_text_regions(image)
        nav_hint = self._generate_nav_hint(image, vlm_description)
        people_count, people_desc = self._analyze_people(vlm_description)
        return VisualDescription(
            scene_summary=vlm_description,
            text_content=text_regions,
            people_count=people_count,
            people_descriptions=people_desc,
            objects=self._extract_objects(vlm_description),
            navigation_hint=nav_hint,
            confidence=0.85,
            priority='immediate' if context == 'navigation' else 'informational'
        )

    @torch.no_grad()
    def _run_vlm(self, pil_image: Image.Image, prompt: str) -> str:
        messages = [{
            'role': 'user',
            'content': [
                {'type': 'image', 'image': pil_image},
                {'type': 'text', 'text': prompt}
            ]
        }]
        text = self.processor.apply_chat_template(
            messages,
            tokenize=False,
            add_generation_prompt=True
        )
        inputs = self.processor(
            text=[text],
            images=[pil_image],
            return_tensors='pt'
        ).to(self.device)
        output = self.model.generate(
            **inputs,
            max_new_tokens=256,
            temperature=0.3,
            do_sample=False
        )
        decoded = self.processor.batch_decode(
            output,
            skip_special_tokens=True
        )[0]
        if 'assistant' in decoded.lower():
            decoded = decoded.split('assistant')[-1].strip()
        return decoded.strip()

    def _extract_text_regions(self, image: np.ndarray) -> list[str]:
        gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
        try:
            pil = Image.fromarray(gray).convert('RGB')
            pixel_values = self.ocr_processor(
                images=pil,
                return_tensors='pt'
            ).pixel_values.to(self.device)
            generated_ids = self.ocr_model.generate(pixel_values)
            text = self.ocr_processor.batch_decode(
                generated_ids,
                skip_special_tokens=True
            )[0].strip()
            if text and len(text) > 3:
                return [text]
        except Exception:
            pass
        return []

    def _generate_nav_hint(self, image: np.ndarray, description: str) -> str:
        h, w = image.shape[:2]
        zones = {
            'left': image[:, :w//3],
            'center': image[:, w//3:2*w//3],
            'right': image[:, 2*w//3:]
        }
        zone_brightness = {
            k: float(np.mean(cv2.cvtColor(v, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)))
            for k, v in zones.items()
        }
        clearest = max(zone_brightness, key=zone_brightness.get)
        return f'Greatest clearance is {clearest}'

    def _analyze_people(self, description: str) -> tuple[int, list[str]]:
        count = 0
        people_desc = []
        matches = re.findall(r'\b(\d+)\s+(человек|люд|персон)', description)
        if matches:
            count = int(matches[0][0])
        elif any(word in description.lower() for word in ['человек', 'мужчина', 'женщина', 'ребёнок', 'person']):
            count = 1
        people_desc.append(description[:100])
        return count, people_desc

    def _extract_objects(self, description: str) -> list[str]:
        return [s.strip() for s in description.split('.') if len(s.strip()) > 10][:5]


class CurrencyRecognizer:
    """
    Banknote and coin recognition for blind users.
    Dataset: EURO Banknote Dataset, BankNote Authentication.
    """

    CURRENCY_TEMPLATES = {
        'USD': {
            5000: {'dominant_hue_range': (10, 25), 'size_ratio': (2.07, 0.98)},
            1000: {'dominant_hue_range': (95, 130), 'size_ratio': (2.07, 0.98)},
            500: {'dominant_hue_range': (55, 75), 'size_ratio': (2.07, 0.98)},
            100: {'dominant_hue_range': (95, 115), 'size_ratio': (2.07, 0.98)},
        }
    }

    def recognize_banknote(self, image: np.ndarray, currency: str = 'USD') -> dict:
        hsv = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2HSV)
        dominant_hue = float(np.median(hsv[:, :, 0]))
        h, w = image.shape[:2]
        aspect = w / h
        templates = self.CURRENCY_TEMPLATES.get(currency, {})
        best_match = None
        for denomination, props in templates.items():
            h_min, h_max = props['dominant_hue_range']
            if h_min <= dominant_hue <= h_max:
                best_match = denomination
                break
        return {
            'currency': currency,
            'denomination': best_match,
            'confidence': 0.75 if best_match else 0.0,
            'speech_output': (
                f'{best_match} dollars' if best_match else 'banknote not recognized'
            )
        }

Scenario Comparison: Quality and Speed

Latency requirements: for navigation, no more than 2–3 seconds per response (pedestrian moving); for document reading, 5–10 seconds is acceptable. Offline mode is critical: the user must work without internet. Our solutions surpass open-source analogs in quality: SPICE is 15–20% higher than baseline models.